分析下(xia)四種(zhong)加(jia)工中心(xin)的常(chang)用功能(neng):

(1)立式加工中(zhong)心

立(li)式加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心的主軸(zhou)(zhou)處于垂(chui)直位置。它能完成銑削、鏜削、鉆削、攻螺(luo)紋和切削螺(luo)紋等工(gong)序。立(li)式加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心最少是三軸(zhou)(zhou)二聯(lian)動,一般可(ke)實(shi)現三軸(zhou)(zhou)三聯(lian)動。有的可(ke)進行五軸(zhou)(zhou)、六軸(zhou)(zhou)控(kong)制,工(gong)藝(yi)人員可(ke)根據其同時控(kong)制的軸(zhou)(zhou)數確(que)定該加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)范圍。

立式(shi)加(jia)工中心立柱高度是有限(xian)的,確定Z軸的運動(dong)范圍時要(yao)考慮:

①工件的高度;

②工裝夾具(ju)的高(gao)度;

③刀(dao)具的長度;

④機械手換刀占用的(de)空間。

在考(kao)慮上述(shu)四種情(qing)況之(zhi)后,立式(shi)加(jia)工(gong)中心(xin)(xin)對(dui)箱體類工(gong)件加(jia)工(gong)范(fan)圍要(yao)減少,這是立式(shi)加(jia)工(gong)中心(xin)(xin)的弱點。但(dan)立式(shi)加(jia)工(gong)中心(xin)(xin)有下列(lie)優點:

①工(gong)(gong)件易(yi)裝(zhuang)夾,可用(yong)通用(yong)的夾具如平口鉗(qian)、壓板(ban)、分度(du)頭、回轉工(gong)(gong)作臺(tai)等裝(zhuang)夾工(gong)(gong)件,工(gong)(gong)件的裝(zhuang)夾定位方便;

②刀具運動軌(gui)跡易觀(guan)察,調(diao)試程序檢(jian)查(cha)測(ce)量(liang)方(fang)便,可及(ji)時發現問題,進行停機處理(li)或(huo)修改;

③冷卻(que)條件易建(jian)立,冷卻(que)液能直接到達刀具(ju)和(he)加(jia)工表面;

④坐標(biao)系即X、Y、Z三個坐標(biao)軸與笛卡兒坐標(biao)系吻合,感覺直(zhi)觀與圖紙(zhi)視角一致;

⑤切(qie)(qie)屑(xie)易排除和掉(diao)落(luo),避免切(qie)(qie)屑(xie)劃傷(shang)加工(gong)過的表(biao)面(mian);

⑥結(jie)構一般采用(yong)單(dan)柱式(shi),它與(yu)相應的(de)臥(wo)式(shi)加(jia)工中心相比,結(jie)構簡單(dan)、占(zhan)地面積較小,價格(ge)較低。

立式(shi)加(jia)工中(zhong)心最適于(yu)加(jia)工Z軸(zhou)方向尺寸相對較小的工件,一般的情況下除底面不(bu)能加(jia)工外,其余五個(ge)面都可用不(bu)同的刀具進行輪廓和表(biao)面加(jia)工。

(2)臥式加(jia)工中心

臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)是(shi)水平(ping)(ping)設(she)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)(de)臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有三(san)個到五個坐標軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),常配有一(yi)個回(hui)(hui)轉軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(或回(hui)(hui)轉工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)臺),主軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)轉速在(zai)10～10000r／min之(zhi)內(nei),最小分辨率一(yi)般為(wei)lμm,定位精(jing)(jing)度為(wei)10μm—20μm。臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)刀(dao)庫容量(liang)一(yi)般較大(da),有的(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)庫可(ke)(ke)存(cun)放(fang)幾(ji)百把刀(dao)具。臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構較立式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)復雜,體積和(he)占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積較大(da),價格也較高(gao)(gao)。臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)較適于(yu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箱(xiang)體類(lei)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)。只要(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)次(ci)(ci)裝夾在(zai)回(hui)(hui)轉工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作臺上,即(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)對箱(xiang)體(除頂面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)底面(mian)(mian)(mian)之(zhi)外)的(de)(de)(de)(de)四個面(mian)(mian)(mian)進(jin)行(xing)銑、鏜、鉆、攻絲(si)等加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。特(te)別是(shi)對箱(xiang)體類(lei)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些孔(kong)和(he)型腔(qiang)有位置公差要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(如(ru)孔(kong)系之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)行(xing)度、孔(kong)與端面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直度、端面(mian)(mian)(mian)與底面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直度等),以(yi)及(ji)孔(kong)和(he)型腔(qiang)與基準面(mian)(mian)(mian)(底面(mian)(mian)(mian))有嚴(yan)格尺寸精(jing)(jing)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de),在(zai)臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)上通過一(yi)次(ci)(ci)裝夾加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),容易得到保(bao)證,適合于(yu)批量(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)程(cheng)序(xu)調(diao)試時,不(bu)如(ru)立式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)直觀、容易觀察,對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)檢查和(he)測量(liang)也感不(bu)便,且對復雜零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序(xu)調(diao)試時間(jian)是(shi)正(zheng)常加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)倍(bei),所以(yi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)數(shu)量(liang)越(yue)多(duo),平(ping)(ping)均每件(jian)(jian)占(zhan)用機床的(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)越(yue)少,因此(ci)用臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)進(jin)行(xing)批量(liang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)才合算。但它可(ke)(ke)實現(xian)普(pu)通設(she)備難(nan)以(yi)達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)度和(he)質量(liang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu),因此(ci)一(yi)些精(jing)(jing)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)高(gao)(gao),其它設(she)備無法達到其精(jing)(jing)度要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian),特(te)別是(shi)一(yi)些空間(jian)曲面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)形狀復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian),即(ji)(ji)使(shi)是(shi)單(dan)件(jian)(jian)生產,也可(ke)(ke)考慮(lv)在(zai)臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)上加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。由此(ci)可(ke)(ke)見加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)即(ji)(ji)是(shi)高(gao)(gao)效、高(gao)(gao)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化生產設(she)備,又是(shi)攻克工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)難(nan)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備。

臥式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)坐標系(xi)與立(li)(li)式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)坐標系(xi)即X、Y、Z三(san)軸在空間上是(shi)不同的(de)(de)。而且臥式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)冷(leng)卻(que)條件(jian)不如立(li)(li)式(shi)的(de)(de)好,特別是(shi)對深孔(kong)的(de)(de)鏜、銑、鉆等,冷(leng)卻(que)液難(nan)以到達切削深處,因(yin)此,必須降低機(ji)床的(de)(de)轉速(su)和進給量、降低了生產效率。與立(li)(li)式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)相比,臥式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)功能多,在立(li)(li)式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)上加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)不了的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)件(jian),在臥式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)上一般的(de)(de)都(dou)能加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。此外(wai)臥式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)回轉工(gong)(gong)作臺有的(de)(de)是(shi)數控的(de)(de),有的(de)(de)是(shi)分度的(de)(de),工(gong)(gong)件(jian)一次裝夾(jia)可實現多個工(gong)(gong)位(wei)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)。總的(de)(de)來(lai)說(shuo)臥式(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)有其優(you)點,也(ye)有不足(zu),使用時(shi)用其優(you)避(bi)其劣。

(3)多(duo)工(gong)作臺加工(gong)中心

多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)有(you)時稱為(wei)柔性加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單元(FMC)。它有(you)兩個以(yi)上(shang)可(ke)更(geng)換的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai),通(tong)過運送軌道(dao)可(ke)把加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)連同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(托盤)一起移(yi)出加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)位(wei),然(ran)后把裝有(you)待加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)(托盤)送到加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部(bu)位(wei),這(zhe)種可(ke)交換的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)可(ke)設(she)置多個,實現多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。其優點是(shi)(shi)可(ke)實現在線裝夾,即在進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時,下邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)進(jin)行(xing)裝、卸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian),另外(wai)可(ke)在其它工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)都(dou)裝上(shang)待加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian),開(kai)動(dong)機床(chuang)后,能完(wan)成對這(zhe)一批工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)(shi)相同的(de)(de)(de)(de),也可(ke)以(yi)是(shi)(shi)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)都(dou)可(ke)由程序進(jin)行(xing)處理。多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心(xin)有(you)立(li)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de),也有(you)臥(wo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。無論(lun)立(li)式(shi)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)臥(wo)式(shi),其結(jie)構都(dou)較(jiao)復雜,刀庫容(rong)量較(jiao)大(da),機床(chuang)占地(di)面(mian)積大(da),控制系(xi)統(tong)功能較(jiao)全。計算(suan)速(su)度快,內存(cun)容(rong)量大(da)。采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)最先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)CNC系(xi)統(tong),所以(yi)價(jia)格昂(ang)貴(gui)。

(4)復合加工中心

復合加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)也稱(cheng)多工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),是(shi)指(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)次裝(zhuang)夾(jia)后,能完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)多個面(mian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)設備。現(xian)有(you)的(de)五(wu)面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin),它(ta)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)次裝(zhuang)夾(jia)后,能完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)除安裝(zhuang)底面(mian)外的(de)五(wu)個面(mian)的(de)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。這種加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)兼有(you)立式和臥(wo)(wo)式加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)功能,在加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)可保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)位(wei)置公差。常見的(de)五(wu)面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)有(you)兩種形式,一(yi)種是(shi)主軸(zhou)做(zuo)或相應(ying)角度(du)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),可成(cheng)(cheng)為立式加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)或臥(wo)(wo)式加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)。另一(yi)種是(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作臺帶著工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)做(zuo)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),主軸(zhou)不(bu)改變方向而實現(xian)五(wu)面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。無論是(shi)哪種五(wu)面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)都存在著結構復雜,造(zao)價昂貴的(de)缺(que)點。

五面加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心的(de)功(gong)能(neng)比多(duo)工(gong)作臺加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心的(de)功(gong)能(neng)還要多(duo),控(kong)制系統先(xian)進,其價格是工(gong)作臺尺寸相同的(de)多(duo)工(gong)位加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)心的(de)二(er)倍左右。